![]() Consequently, unrealistic levels in GDP and other national accounts aggregates expressed in US Dollars may have been adjusted for certain time periods to improve the economic analysis at national, regional and local levels. The conversion based on PARE corrects the distorting effects of uneven price changes that are not well reflected in the other conversion rates. In cases where a country experiences considerable distortion in the conversion rates, the United Nations Statistics Division uses price-adjusted rates of exchange (PARE) as an alternative to the exchange rates reported by the IMF or UN operational rates of exchange. These exchange rates are based on official, commercial and/or tourist rates of exchange. The UNOPs are conversion rates that are applied in official transactions of the United Nations with these countries. When these conversion rates are not available other IMF rates are used (official rates or principal rates).įor countries whose exchange rates are not reported by the IMF, the annual average of United Nations operational rates of exchange (UNOPs) is applied. Once the national accounts data in national currency are complete, the current and constant price series are converted into US Dollars by applying the corresponding market exchange rates as reported by the IMF. Metadata for each country describing the methods and sources used for all data included in the database are available via the Meta-Data link. As official data are not always available for use in the database, the sources and methods used for estimations should be taken into consideration. The data gathered are then either used directly or estimation procedures are applied to obtain a complete and consistent set of time series of main national accounts aggregates and their related growth rates and indices. For estimation purposes, other data sources are analysed to gather supplementary data on the national accounts of a country. If a full set of official data is not reported for a specific country, estimation procedures are employed to obtain estimates for the entire time series. ![]() For full details on the 1968, 1993 or 2008 SNA, please visit the SNA website. A basic description of the methodology related to the compilation of official national accounts data is provided in National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables. 1, 2022.Annual collections of the official national accounts data reported to the United Nations Statistics Division by the countries in form of the United Nations National Accounts Questionnaires serve as the basis for the database. Conference paper notifications will be made no later than Dec. The deadline for paper submission is Nov. Theories, policies, and rules of digital trade.Foreign trade and development strategies of transnational corporations.Optimization of import and export structure under global public emergencies.Innovation and development of international service trade.International trade and industrial structure transformation.Trade wars and trade policy uncertainty.Chinese international trade and finance issues.Trade and financial effects of international economic sanctions.International transmission and coordination of the monetary policy.Monetary policy, capital flows, and financial stability.Foreign direct investment and supply chain configuration.The program committee cordially invites submissions of both theoretical and empirical studies on topics including (but not limited to): The conference will provide an opportunity to bring together researchers focusing on the new pattern of international economic cooperation. How to steer the global economy towards more cooperation in the new era and jointly cope with challenges and opportunities becomes an important issue. ![]() Despite the risks and challenges, all members of the global village share a common destiny. The global economy has undergone tremendous changes in recent years. International Cooperation in a Changing Global Economy ![]()
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